How encryption works
Symmetric encryption, such as AES, uses one key for both locking and unlocking and is fast enough for bulk data like disks and databases. Asymmetric encryption uses a public and private key pair and is typically used to exchange keys and verify identities.
In practice, protocols such as TLS combine both: asymmetric methods set up a session, then symmetric encryption protects the traffic. Data at rest is protected through full-disk, file, or database encryption. Key management determines real-world strength, since a strong algorithm with an exposed key offers little protection.
Why it matters for Canadian organizations
Encryption is one of the most effective ways to reduce harm from lost laptops, stolen backups, and intercepted traffic. Under PIPEDA, properly encrypted data that is lost may carry a much lower risk of significant harm, which affects breach reporting decisions.
Quebec's Law 25, PCI DSS for cardholder data, and OSFI B-13 all expect appropriate cryptographic protections. The Canadian Centre for Cyber Security publishes guidance on approved algorithms and key lengths. Encryption is also commonly asked about on cyber insurance applications and vendor security questionnaires.
How to implement it
Encrypt data in transit using current TLS versions and disable outdated protocols. Turn on full-disk encryption for laptops and mobile devices, and encrypt databases, backups, and cloud storage holding sensitive information.
Use a managed key service or hardware security module, restrict key access, and rotate keys on a schedule. Back up keys securely so encrypted data remains recoverable. Remember that encryption does not stop an authorized account from being abused, so combine it with access control and monitoring. Audit configurations periodically for expired certificates and weak ciphers.
Frequently asked questions
What is the difference between encryption and hashing?
Encryption is reversible with the right key, so data can be recovered. Hashing is a one-way function used for integrity checks and password storage, and the original input cannot be recovered from the hash. Many systems use both, such as hashing passwords but encrypting stored files.
What is end-to-end encryption?
End-to-end encryption means data is encrypted on the sender's device and only decrypted on the recipient's device, so intermediaries such as the service provider cannot read it. Messaging apps commonly use it. This is why it is chosen for sensitive conversations and files.
Does encryption make data completely safe?
No. It protects against unauthorized reading, but attackers can still steal keys or credentials, abuse authorized access, or encrypt data themselves in ransomware attacks. It must be paired with other controls. Authentication and monitoring remain necessary for complete protection.
Related service: Security consulting